🔧 Verbesserte Skripte zur Installation des Raspberry Pi: Globale Variablen für Chromium hinzugefügt, Benutzerberechtigungen für unbound und www-data überprüft und angepasst, sowie Log-Dateiberechtigungen optimiert. 🚀
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# DNS-Konfiguration und Netzwerk-Optimierung
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## Übersicht
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Das MYP Kiosk-System implementiert eine intelligente DNS-Konfiguration mit automatischer Router-Erkennung, Fallback-Mechanismen und IPv6-Deaktivierung für optimale Netzwerk-Performance.
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## Funktionen
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### 🎯 Intelligente DNS-Prioritäten
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1. **Router-DNS** (Höchste Priorität)
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- Automatische Erkennung via DHCP, systemd-resolved, NetworkManager
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- Route-basierte Fallback-Erkennung
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- Funktionalitätstest vor Verwendung
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2. **Google DNS** (Fallback 1)
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- `8.8.8.8` und `8.8.4.4`
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- Zuverlässig und schnell
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3. **Cloudflare DNS** (Fallback 2)
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- `1.1.1.1` und `1.0.0.1`
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- Privacy-fokussiert
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4. **Custom DNS** (Fallback 3)
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- `163.116.178.73` und `163.116.178.74`
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- Benutzerdefinierte Server
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### 🚫 IPv6-Deaktivierung
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- **Kernel-Level**: Systemweite IPv6-Deaktivierung
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- **Boot-Level**: GRUB und cmdline.txt Parameter
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- **Network-Level**: NetworkManager und DHCP-Konfiguration
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### 🔄 Automatische Aktualisierung
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- **Alle 30 Minuten**: DNS-Prioritäten neu bewerten
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- **Alle 10 Minuten**: DNS-Gesundheitscheck
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- **Wöchentlich**: Root Hints aktualisieren
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## Architektur
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```
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┌─────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐
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│ MYP Kiosk │───▶│ Unbound │───▶│ Router DNS │
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│ Application │ │ Resolver │ │ (Priorität 1) │
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└─────────────────┘ │ 127.0.0.1 │ └─────────────────┘
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│ │ ┌─────────────────┐
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│ │───▶│ Google DNS │
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│ │ │ (Fallback 1) │
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│ │ └─────────────────┘
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│ │ ┌─────────────────┐
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│ │───▶│ Cloudflare DNS │
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│ │ │ (Fallback 2) │
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│ │ └─────────────────┘
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│ │ ┌─────────────────┐
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│ │───▶│ Custom DNS │
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│ │ │ (Fallback 3) │
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└──────────────┘ └─────────────────┘
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```
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## Konfigurationsdateien
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### Unbound Hauptkonfiguration
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```bash
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/etc/unbound/unbound.conf
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```
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**Wichtige Einstellungen:**
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- IPv6 deaktiviert (`do-ip6: no`)
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- Lokale Netzwerke erlaubt
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- DNSSEC aktiviert
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- Performance-optimiert (64MB Cache)
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### DNS-Prioritätsskript
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```bash
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/usr/local/bin/configure-dns-priority
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```
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**Funktionen:**
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- Router-DNS automatisch erkennen
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- DNS-Server-Funktionalität testen
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- Unbound-Konfiguration dynamisch aktualisieren
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- Logging aller Änderungen
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### Systemd-Services
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```bash
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/etc/systemd/system/dns-priority-config.service
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```
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**Abhängigkeiten:**
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- Nach `network-online.target`
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- Nach `unbound.service`
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- Vor `myp-druckerverwaltung.service`
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## Router-DNS-Erkennung
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### Methode 1: DHCP Lease-Datei
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```bash
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grep "domain-name-servers" /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient.leases
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```
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### Methode 2: systemd-resolved
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```bash
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systemd-resolve --status | grep "DNS Servers"
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```
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### Methode 3: NetworkManager
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```bash
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nmcli dev show | grep "IP4.DNS"
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```
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### Methode 4: Route-basierte Erkennung
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```bash
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# Gateway als DNS-Server testen
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gateway=$(ip route | grep default | awk '{print $3}')
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nslookup google.com "$gateway"
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```
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## IPv6-Deaktivierung
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### Kernel-Parameter
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```bash
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# /etc/sysctl.conf
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net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
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net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
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net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1
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```
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### Boot-Parameter
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```bash
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# /etc/default/grub
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GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="ipv6.disable=1 ..."
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# /boot/cmdline.txt (Raspberry Pi)
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... ipv6.disable=1
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```
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### NetworkManager
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```bash
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# /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/dns-priority.conf
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[connection]
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ipv6.method=ignore
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```
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## DHCP-Schutz
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### dhclient-Konfiguration
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```bash
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# /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf
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supersede domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;
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```
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### resolv.conf-Schutz
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```bash
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# Schreibschutz aktivieren
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chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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## Monitoring und Wartung
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### DNS-Status prüfen
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```bash
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myp-maintenance dns-status
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```
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**Zeigt an:**
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- Unbound Service-Status
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- Aktuelle DNS-Server
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- Erkannte Router-DNS
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- DNS-Statistiken
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- Letzte Logs
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### DNS-Test durchführen
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```bash
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myp-maintenance dns-test
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```
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**Testet:**
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- google.com
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- github.com
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- debian.org
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- cloudflare.com
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### DNS-Konfiguration neu laden
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```bash
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myp-maintenance dns-reconfigure
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```
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### IPv6-Status prüfen
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```bash
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myp-maintenance ipv6-status
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```
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## Automatische Überwachung
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### Cron-Jobs
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```bash
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# /etc/cron.d/dns-priority-update
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# DNS-Priorität alle 30 Minuten aktualisieren
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*/30 * * * * root /usr/local/bin/configure-dns-priority
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# Root Hints wöchentlich aktualisieren
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0 3 * * 0 root curl -s -o /var/lib/unbound/root.hints https://www.internic.net/domain/named.cache
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# DNS-Gesundheitscheck alle 10 Minuten
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*/10 * * * * root /usr/local/bin/dns-health-check
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```
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### Gesundheitscheck
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```bash
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/usr/local/bin/dns-health-check
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```
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**Prüft:**
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- Unbound Service-Status
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- DNS-Auflösung für Test-Domains
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- Automatischer Neustart bei Fehlern
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- Konfiguration neu laden bei kritischen Fehlern
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## Log-Dateien
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### DNS-Konfiguration
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```bash
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/var/log/dns-configuration.log
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```
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**Enthält:**
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- Router-DNS-Erkennungen
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- Konfigurationsänderungen
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- DNS-Server-Tests
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- Unbound-Neustarts
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### DNS-Gesundheit
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```bash
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/var/log/dns-health.log
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```
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**Enthält:**
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- Regelmäßige Gesundheitschecks
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- DNS-Auflösungsfehler
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- Service-Neustarts
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- Kritische Fehler
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### Unbound-Logs
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```bash
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/var/log/unbound.log
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```
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**Enthält:**
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- Unbound Service-Logs
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- DNS-Anfragen (optional)
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- Fehler und Warnungen
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## Troubleshooting
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### DNS-Auflösung funktioniert nicht
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1. **Service-Status prüfen:**
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```bash
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systemctl status unbound
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```
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2. **DNS-Test durchführen:**
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```bash
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nslookup google.com 127.0.0.1
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```
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3. **Konfiguration neu laden:**
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```bash
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/usr/local/bin/configure-dns-priority
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```
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### Router-DNS wird nicht erkannt
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1. **DHCP-Lease prüfen:**
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```bash
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cat /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient.leases | grep domain-name-servers
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```
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2. **Gateway-Test:**
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```bash
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gateway=$(ip route | grep default | awk '{print $3}')
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nslookup google.com "$gateway"
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```
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3. **Manuelle Konfiguration:**
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```bash
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# Router-DNS manuell in Unbound eintragen
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echo "forward-addr: 192.168.1.1" >> /etc/unbound/unbound.conf
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systemctl reload unbound
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```
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### IPv6 noch aktiv
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1. **Kernel-Parameter prüfen:**
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```bash
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sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6
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```
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2. **Boot-Parameter prüfen:**
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```bash
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cat /proc/cmdline | grep ipv6.disable
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```
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3. **Neustart erforderlich:**
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```bash
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sudo reboot
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```
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### Unbound startet nicht
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1. **Konfiguration testen:**
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```bash
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unbound-checkconf /etc/unbound/unbound.conf
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```
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2. **Berechtigungen prüfen:**
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```bash
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chown -R unbound:unbound /var/lib/unbound
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```
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3. **Port-Konflikt prüfen:**
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```bash
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netstat -tulpn | grep :53
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```
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## Performance-Optimierung
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### Cache-Einstellungen
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```bash
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# Unbound Cache-Konfiguration
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msg-cache-size: 64m
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rrset-cache-size: 128m
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cache-max-ttl: 86400
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cache-min-ttl: 300
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```
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### Thread-Konfiguration
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```bash
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# Optimiert für Raspberry Pi
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num-threads: 2
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msg-cache-slabs: 4
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rrset-cache-slabs: 4
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```
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### Netzwerk-Puffer
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```bash
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# Erhöhte Puffer für bessere Performance
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so-rcvbuf: 4m
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so-sndbuf: 4m
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outgoing-range: 4096
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```
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## Sicherheit
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### Zugriffskontrolle
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```bash
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# Nur lokale Netzwerke erlaubt
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access-control: 127.0.0.0/8 allow
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access-control: 192.168.0.0/16 allow
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access-control: 10.0.0.0/8 allow
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access-control: 172.16.0.0/12 allow
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```
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### DNSSEC
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```bash
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# Automatische Trust-Anchor-Verwaltung
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auto-trust-anchor-file: "/var/lib/unbound/root.key"
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```
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### Private Adressen
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```bash
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# Verhindert DNS-Rebinding-Angriffe
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private-address: 192.168.0.0/16
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private-address: 172.16.0.0/12
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private-address: 10.0.0.0/8
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private-address: 127.0.0.0/8
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```
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---
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**Status**: ✅ Produktionsreif
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**Letzte Aktualisierung**: $(date +%Y-%m-%d)
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**Version**: 1.0 (DNS-Optimiert)
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## Referenzen
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- [Unbound DNS Resolver](https://nlnetlabs.nl/projects/unbound/about/)
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- [DNS-over-HTTPS RFC 8484](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8484)
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- [IPv6 Deaktivierung Best Practices](https://wiki.debian.org/DebianIPv6)
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- [DNSSEC Validation](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4033)
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